《经济学人笔记》去听风吧

4、第四篇 西方重拳制

　　【2022.03.05】 Leaders

　　could/may/might yet do还是可能会做某事(表示现在尽管似乎没有可能,将来还是有可能发生)
　　military action军事行动
　　issue nuclear threats发出核威胁
　　immiseration/?ma?z??re??n/n.贫困化
　　autarky/??:tɑ:k?/n.自给自足或封闭经济,一种国家不依赖进口或经济援助的自给自足的政策。
　　hard power硬实力
　　be subject to sth 易受某事(尤指坏事)影响;易患?
　　cryptocurrenc加密货币，是一种使用密码学原理来确保交易安全及控制交易单位创造的交易媒介。加密货币是数字货币(或称虚拟货币)的一种。比特币在2009年成为第一个去中心化的加密货币,这之后加密货币一词多指此类设计
　　make a/the difference有作用,有影响
　　targeted measures有针对性的措施
　　Iran伊朗,亚洲西南部国家
　　Venezuela委内瑞拉,南美洲北部的一个国家,临加勒比海
　　crippling极有害的,损害严重的
　　global-payments plumbing全球支付系统
　　plumbing水管工程;管道工程,常引申为“精密复杂的网络体系”
　　a pile of sth/piles of sth一大堆某物,大量某物
　　share price股价
　　offshore banks/companies/investments境外(海外)的银行/公司/投资等
　　cash-crunch资金短缺
　　crunch (尤指缺乏金钱或时间造成的)困难局面,困境
　　war machine战争机器;战争武器;(一个国家发动战争的)军事资源
　　foreign reserves外汇储备,又称为外汇存底,指为了应付国际支付的需要,各国的中央银行及其他政府机构所集中掌握并可以随时兑换成外国货币的外汇资产。
　　Capital flight 资金外逃,资金外流,资金抽离,资本流失(指发展中国家为发展经济从国外借贷的资金被政客贪污而存在国外)动词形式为capital flee(s)

　　cross the Rubicon破釜沉舟;断然采取行动
　　Rubicon卢比孔河,发源于意大利中北部,公元前49年朱利斯·凯撒及其军队渡过此河,从此开始了内战。现引申为界限,界线;越过或经过就无可挽回的界线,通常造成不可改变的责任
　　face sb down (用坚定和自信的方式)压倒,挫败,慑服
　　technological changes技术进步
　　payments network支付网络
　　banking system银行系统
　　digital-currency数字货币
　　economy-wide整体经济的
　　-wide(与名词连用构成形容词)表示“全?的”,“遍布于?的”

　　It also marks a new era of high-risk economic warfare that could further splinter the world economy.
　　这也标志着高风险经济战的新时代就此开启，世界经济或将进一步分崩离析。

　　Now, amid the chaos, there is no time for an equivalent for sanctions.
　　如今俄乌兵戈抢攘，乱世之中哪有时间敲定一套同等级别的经济反制方针！
　　Confidence has evaporated. The rouble has fallen by 28% this year as capital flees, threatening soaring inflation.
　　投资者信心崩塌。资金外逃导致卢布今年暴跌28%，或导致通胀进一步走高。
　　Then it must create a doctrine to govern these weapons in order to prevent a broader shift towards autarky.
　　之后，西方须制定出管控这些金融武器的指导原则，避免闭关主义在全球进一步蔓延。

　　接下来是片段欣赏，看看你懂看懂多少(●ˇ?ˇ●)
　　我只摘了前三段哦，加油！

　　The world economy

　　A new age of economic conflict

　　The West has imposed crushing sanctions on Russia. The implications are huge

　　Russia’s invasion of Ukraine could yet become the biggest military action in Europe since 1945. It also marks a new era of high-risk economic warfare that could further splinter the world economy. The measures the West has imposed on Russia are so potent that they have triggered chaos in its $1.6trn economy and prompted the president, Vladimir Putin, to issue nuclear threats. The instant immiseration of a big economy is unprecedented and will cause alarm around the world. The West’s priority must be to win the economic confrontation with Russia. Then it must create a doctrine to govern these weapons in order to prevent a broader shift towards autarky.

　　The fact that Russia did not take the threat of sanctions seriously at first is no surprise. For years they have been plentiful but ineffective. Reluctant to use hard power, America and Europe have reached for economic penalties instead. Some 10,000 people or firms are subject to American sanctions, affecting over 50 countries with 27% of world GDP, and covering everything from torture to cryptocurrencies. Often they make little difference. Autocrats can evade targeted measures. Full embargoes on Iran and Venezuela have been crippling but not toppled regimes. The deterrent effect has been weak, as malefactors have assumed that America would never apply “maximum pressure” on a big economy.

　　On February 26th that Rubicon was crossed, when sanctions were imposed on the world’s 11th-biggest economy. By making it illegal for Western firms to deal with big Russian banks, except in the energy trade, and expelling them from the global-payments plumbing, the flow of money across borders is seizing up. Action against Russia’s central bank means it cannot gain access to much of its vast $630bn pile of foreign reserves. Confidence has evaporated. The rouble has fallen by 28% this year as capital flees, threatening soaring inflation. Russian share prices have dropped by over 90% in offshore trading, and multinationals are leaving. From Moscow to Murmansk, Russians are queuing outside banks.